![]() ![]() Another option is to apply bacteriophages recognizing conserved receptor structures and apply them together with small molecules which have the ability to shave off the capsule layer preventing phage binding. From a therapeutical point of view, this could be a desirable trait. Many phages exist that bear multiple depolymerases, targeting different capsular serotypes, empowering the phage to be multivalent, and have a broader host spectrum. Capsule depolymerases have selectivity to certain serotypes (see Table 1 in and Table 3 in this manuscript). pneumoniae strains require phages to get through the CPS by applying specific polysaccharide depolymerase enzymes, which recognize and degrade the CPS structure, allowing the phage itself to access the bacterial cell surface, adsorb to the outer membrane receptor, and infect the cell. īacteria enveloped with polysaccharide capsules can be effectively controlled by phages: in vitro and in vivo applications against K. Phages are bacterial viruses that are able kill the target by recognizing specific receptor structures on the surface of the bacteria, attach to and infect the host cell, releasing phage progenies entailing the lysis of the cell itself. Īpplication of bacteriophages (phages) is an emerging and promising solution for combatting antibiotic-resistant isolates. On account of its resistance, the K2 is one of the most prominent serotypes, frequently collected from patients, with a particularly high prevalence in liver abscesses and endophthalmitis. Due to these differences (capsule thickness and glycan structure), the level of virulence is not equal between all serotypes. Capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have structural differences in the polysaccharide chains, and are classified into ≈80 serological types (K antigens) and into more than 140 genetically distinct capsular locus types. It is involved mainly in resistance to phagocytosis, therefore it is considered as a crucial virulence factor. The outermost layer on the bacterium, the capsule, acts as a physical barrier against host immunity and antibiotics. pneumoniae isolates are frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics the pathogen is a member of the ESKAPE group of microorganisms ( Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.). In the past few decades, community-acquired infections, e.g., metastatic meningitis, endophthalmitis, and pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) are also reported in young and healthy individuals. Colonization of the human skin and mucosal surfaces (oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract) is prevalent, presenting an origin of severe infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts, wounds, and catheter entry points hospitalized and immune-compromised patients are typically susceptible to the progress of such infections to potentially life-threatening conditions and septicemia. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an encapsulated, Gram-negative bacterium, omnipresent in the environment and also an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen.
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